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Substrate The substrate plays the most important part in determining the rate of the reaction. This is because the nucleophile attacks from the back of the substrate, thus breaking the carbon-leaving group bond and forming the carbon-nucleophile bond. Therefore, to maximize the rate of the SN2 reaction, the back of the substrate must be as …
SN1 Reaction The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate-determining step is unimolecular. It is a type of organic substitution reaction. SN1 stands for substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. Thus, the rate equation (which states that the SN1 reaction is dependent on the electrophile but not on the nucleophile) holds in situations where the amount …
Cerimetry or cerimetric titration, also known as cerateoximetry.It is a redox titration in which a Fe2+-1,10-phenanthroline complex (ferroin) color change indicates the endpoint. (Ferroin) can be reversibly discolored in its oxidized form upon titration with a Ce4+ solution. Standard solutions can be prepared from different Ce4+ salts, but often cerium sulfate is chosen. Procedure: Since …
Aim: To prepare and submit Piperazine citrate elixir BP (20 ml) Requirements: Piperazine citrate, chloroform spirit, orange oil, syrup, Glycerin, beaker, stirrer, spatula, measuring cylinder, and purified water. Principle: Elixirs are clear, flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid preparations for oral administration. The Percentage of alcohol varies from 4 to 40 %. In this elixirs Propylene glycol, …
ELISA ELISA is an antigen-antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in the blood. ELISA is a plate-based assay technique which is used for detecting and …
Advantages Disadvantages Direct ELISA Simple protocol, time-saving, and reagents-saving. No cross-reactivity from secondary antibody. High background. No signal amplification, since only a primary antibody is used and a secondary antibody is not needed. Low flexibility, since the primary antibody must be labeled. Indirect ELISA Signal amplification, since one or more secondary antibodies can be used …
Object: To synthesize and submit 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol References: Mann, F. G.; Saunders, B. C., “ Practical Organic Chemistry”, 4th edition (Reprint 1978) Longman Group Ltd., London, Page no-210-211. Chemical requirement : Aniline (freshly distilled): 4.0g Hydrochloricacidconc.(12N) : 12.8ml β-Naphthol: 6.24 g Sodium hydroxide solution [10%(w/v)] : 40ml Sodium nitrite (pure) : 3.2g Theory: Phenyl diazonium chloride …
Object: To synthesize and submit salicylic acid by hydrolysis of aspirin. References: Mann, F. G.; Saunders, B. C., “ Practical Organic Chemistry”, 4th edition (Reprint 1978) Longman Group Ltd., London, Page no-111. Chemical requirement: Aspirin,sodium hydroxide solution,dil.sulphuricacid Theory: Aspirin can under-go hydrolysis making it not as effective if it’s exposed to water for extended periods …
Erythropoiesis(Production of Red Blood Cells) Hematopoiesis describes the production of cells that circulate in the bloodstream. Specifically, erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. On average, the body produces an astounding 2.5 billion red cells/kg/day. Erythrocytes arise from a complex line of cells, and their rate of production is tightly regulated …
Aim: To prepare and submit Syrup of Vasaka IP (30 ml) Requirements: Vasaka HCl, beaker, stirrer, spatula, measuring cylinder, and purified water. Principle: Syrups are sweetened, viscous, concentrated solutions of sucrose or, other sugars in water or any other suitable aqueous vehicles. These are further classified into 2 classes. 1. Simple flavored syrups 2. Medicated …