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Substrate The substrate plays the most important part in determining the rate of the reaction. This is because the nucleophile attacks from the back of the substrate, thus breaking the carbon-leaving group bond and forming the carbon-nucleophile bond. Therefore, to maximize the rate of the SN2 reaction, the back of the substrate must be as …
SN1 Reaction The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate-determining step is unimolecular. It is a type of organic substitution reaction. SN1 stands for substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. Thus, the rate equation (which states that the SN1 reaction is dependent on the electrophile but not on the nucleophile) holds in situations where the amount …
ELISA ELISA is an antigen-antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in the blood. ELISA is a plate-based assay technique which is used for detecting and …
Advantages Disadvantages Direct ELISA Simple protocol, time-saving, and reagents-saving. No cross-reactivity from secondary antibody. High background. No signal amplification, since only a primary antibody is used and a secondary antibody is not needed. Low flexibility, since the primary antibody must be labeled. Indirect ELISA Signal amplification, since one or more secondary antibodies can be used …
Erythropoiesis(Production of Red Blood Cells) Hematopoiesis describes the production of cells that circulate in the bloodstream. Specifically, erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. On average, the body produces an astounding 2.5 billion red cells/kg/day. Erythrocytes arise from a complex line of cells, and their rate of production is tightly regulated …
DIABETES Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. This is a disease that occurs when your body doesn’t make or use the hormone insulin properly. It causes too much blood glucose (sugar) to build up in …
The Cell Cells are the smallest functional units of the body. They are grouped together to form tissues, each of which has a specialised function. e.g. blood, muscle, bone. Different tissues are grouped together to form organs. e.g. heart, stomach, brain. Organs are grouped together to form systems. e.g. the digestive system is responsible for …